A framed structure that projects above a sloping roof and usually includes a vertical window unit is called a(n) ______.

A framed structure that projects above a sloping roof and typically includes a vertical window unit is known as a dormer. This architectural feature allows for additional light and headroom in the upper levels of a building, often enhancing the aesthetic appeal as well. Dormers can be designed in various styles, including gabled or hipped shapes, and are commonly found in residential homes, particularly in attics or upper stories.

The other options represent different structures: a shed typically refers to a simple, single-pitched roof structure, a gable refers to the triangular section of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof, and an awning is a secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building, usually as an overhang or shade. Therefore, none of these options describes the specific feature of a dormer, which is characterized by its upward projection and inclusion of windows.